We will start with binary ionic, which are between monatomic anions and cations. We note that there are two types of metals, those that have only 1 charge (Type 1), and those that can have more than one stable charge. Finally, polyatomic ions often form which are covalently bonded atoms where the total number of protons is not equal to the total number of electrons.
We will understand later this semester that as you go down a family or group of the periodic table, the volume of the atoms increases. The reason the second row nonmetals are an exception can best be understood by their small size (how are you going to get 4 oxygens around a small fluorine)? So on an exam at the freshmen level, I would probably treat them as if they follow the same trend as chlorine, because that is the schema you are learning. Some of the metals form very common ions which have latin names that are in common use, and you need to be familiar with those in the following table. Note, accounting profit definition „-ic“ stands for the higher oxidation state (charge), and „-ous“ stands for the lower oxidation state. We use the Principle of Charge Neutrality, that is, for an ionic compound to be stable its chemical formula MUST BE NEUTRAL.
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As we have seen in the previous section, there are two types of monatomic ions, those of elements that form only one charge state, and those that can form multiple charged states. The anions are all of the first type, and gain electrons until they have the same number as the nearest noble gas. But metals form cations by losing electrons, and some metals form only one stable cation, while others can form many.
Journal of Fluorine Chemistry
For simplicity, we will call metals that form only one (invariant) charge state to be Type I and those that form variable charge states to be type 2. It is probably easiest to identify the Type 1 and consider others to be Type 2. There are some transition metals that form only one stable ion. Silver (Group 1B) forms a +1 cation like the 1A alkali metals.
Design of high-entropy antiperovskite metal nitrides as highly efficient electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction
This occurs because the number of oxygen atoms are increasing from hypochlorite to perchlorate, yet the overall charge of the polyatomic ion is still -1. To correctly specify how many oxygen atoms are in the ion, prefixes and suffixes are again used. We will start with ionic compounds, then covalent and then acids. So how can you do science if you do not know what you are talking about???
In this section we will look at nomenclature of simple chemical compounds. The rules we use depends on the type of compound we are attempting to name. Both are polyatomic ions, so you simply state the name of cation followed by the name of the anion. Barium is an alkaline earth and always corms a cation of charge of +2, while chlorine is a halogen and always form the chloride ion of -1. For barium chloride to be neutral you would need two chlorides for every barium, and so the formula is BaCl2. It is very important to include (aq) after the acids because the same compounds can be written in gas phase with hydrogen named first followed by the anion ending with –ide.
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- Although HF can be named hydrogen fluoride, it is given a different name for emphasis that it is an acid.
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- So you do not need to state the number of cations and anions, you only need to state what they are (and what their charge is).
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